True/False
Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or
false.
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1.
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During transcription, the
information on a DNA molecule is “rewritten” into an mRNA molecule.
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2.
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Multiple DNA polymerases may
become attached to more than one portion of a DNA molecule at once, speeding up the rate of
replication.
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3.
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Franklin’s X-ray
diffraction images suggested that the DNA molecule resembled a tightly coiled spring, a shape called
a helix.
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4.
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When the concentration of
solutes outside the cell is equal to the concentration of solutes inside the cell, the cell solution
is isotonic relative to its environment.
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5.
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When mRNA leaves the nucleus
and enters the cytoplasm, it has a complete set of both introns and exons.
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6.
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Animal cells are
prokaryotic.
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7.
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Membranes are selectively
permeable if they allow only certain substances to diffuse across them.
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8.
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Before a DNA molecule can
replicate itself, it must make itself more compact. This is accomplished by the double helix coiling
up on itself.
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9.
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The only difference between a
plant cell and an animal cell is that plant cells have chloroplasts.
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10.
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As a cell gets larger, its
volume increases at a faster rate than its surface area.
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11.
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Plants carry out cellular
respiration.
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12.
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The transport of specific
particles through a membrane by carrier proteins is known as facilitated diffusion.
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13.
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In all living things, DNA
replication must occur after cell division.
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14.
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When a tRNA anticodon binds to
an mRNA codon, the amino acid detaches from the tRNA molecule and attaches to the end of a growing
protein chain.
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15.
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When light hits a plant, all of
the wavelengths are absorbed and used to make sugar.
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Multiple
Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the
question.
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16.
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Isotopes are atoms of the same
element with the same number of protons and a. | a different number of
electrons. | b. | a different number of molecules. | c. | a different number of neutrons. | d. | the same number of neutrons. | | |
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17.
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All of the following are
examples of lipids except a. | saturated
fats. | c. | testosterone. | b. | starch. | d. | earwax. | | | | |
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Figure 15-1
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18.
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In humans, the pelvis and
femur, or thigh bone, are involved in walking. In whales, the pelvis and femur shown in Figure 15-1
are a. | examples of fossils. | c. | acquired traits. | b. | vestigial structures. | d. | examples of natural variation. | | | | |
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19.
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The enzymes responsible for
adding nucleotides to the exposed DNA template bases are a. | replicases. | c. | helicases. | b. | DNA
polymerases. | d. | nucleotidases. | | | | |
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20.
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A substance with a pH of 6 is
called a. | an acid. | b. | a base. | c. | both an acid and a base. | d. | neither an acid nor a
base. | | |
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21.
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A sample from an ancient
sailing ship was found to have 3 times more Nitrogen-14 than Carbon-14. How many half-lifes has
this gone through?
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22.
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Genes contain instructions for
assembling a. | purines. | b. | nucleosomes. | c. | proteins. | d. | pyrimidines. | | |
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23.
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Which of the following
illustrates the different types of chemical bonds in order of increasing attraction? a. | ionic, covalent, hydrogen | b. | covalent, ionic,
hydrogen | c. | hydrogen, covalent, ionic | d. | hydrogen, ionic, covalent | | |
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24.
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The series of predictable
changes that occurs in a community over time is called a. | population growth. | c. | climax community. | b. | ecological succession. | d. | climate change. | | | | |
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25.
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Which of the following is the
correct sequence of events in cellular respiration? a. | glycolysis → fermentation → Krebs cycle | b. | Krebs cycle → electron transport →
glycolysis | c. | glycolysis →
Krebs cycle → electron
transport | d. | Krebs cycle →
glycolysis → electron
transport | | |
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26.
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Refer to the illustration
above. In eukaryotic cells, chromosomes are found in a. | structure “1.” | c. | structure “3.” | b. | structure “2.” | d. | structure “5.” | | | | |
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27.
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Refer to the illustration
above. Structure “1” is a. | the endoplasmic
reticulum. | c. | a mitochondria. | b. | a Golgi
apparatus. | d. | the nucleus. | | | | |
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28.
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Fossilized evidence of
Earth’s first forms of life would consist of a. | vertebrates from the Precambrian. | b. | invertebrates from the Precambrian. | c. | eukaryotes from the Precambrian. | d. | prokaryotes from the Precambrian. | | |
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29.
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While energy absorbed by one
type of chlorophyll molecule is used to form molecules of ATP, electrons from a second kind of
chlorophyll molecule are used a. | in forming molecules of
NADPH. | b. | to migrate to another proton pump. | c. | in the second kind of thylakoid. | d. | as a fuel for forming another chlorophyll molecule. | | |
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30.
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Lamarck’s theory of
evolution includes the concept that new organs in a species appear as a
result of a. | continual increases in population size. | b. | the actions of organisms as they use or fail to use body
structures. | c. | an unchanging local environment. | d. | the natural variations already present within the population of
organisms. | | |
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31.
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Which of the following types of
RNA carries instructions for making proteins? a. | mRNA | c. | tRNA | b. | rRNA | d. | All of the above | | | | |
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32.
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What are the products of the
light-dependent reactions? a. | oxygen gas | b. | ATP | c. | NADPH | d. | all of these | | |
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33.
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The noncoding portions of DNA
that are separated from the portions of DNA actually used during transcription are
called a. | mutons. | c. | introns. | b. | exons. | d. | exposons. | | | | |
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34.
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Isotopes are atoms of the same
element with the same number of protons and a. | a different number of
electrons. | c. | a different number of neutrons. | b. | a different number of molecules. | d. | the same number of
neutrons. | | | | |
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35.
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The basic divisions of the
geologic time scale, from larger to smaller are a. | eras and periods. | b. | periods and
eras. | c. | relative and absolute dates. | d. | billions of years and millions of years. | | |
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36.
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What type of ion forms when an
atom loses electrons? a. | neutral | b. | positive | c. | negative | d. | possibly positive or negative | | |
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37.
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Which of the following include
all the others? a. | DNA molecules | b. | histones | c. | chromosomes | d. | nucleosomes | | |
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38.
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Energy is released from ATP
when a. | a phosphate group is added. | b. | adenine bonds to
ribose. | c. | ATP is exposed to sunlight. | d. | a phosphate is removed. | | |
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39.
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The scientists credited with
establishing the structure of DNA are a. | Avery and
Chargaff. | c. | Mendel and Griffith. | b. | Hershey and
Chase. | d. | Watson and Crick. | | | | |
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40.
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Which of the following
organisms does NOT
require sunlight to
live? a. | chemosynthetic bacteria | c. | trees | b. | algae | d. | photosynthetic
bacteria | | | | |
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41.
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In each generation, the wings
of experimental fruit flies were clipped short for fifty generations. The fifty-first generation
emerged with normal-length wings. This observation would tend to disprove the idea that evolution is
based on a. | inheritance of natural variations. | b. | inheritance of acquired characteristics. | c. | natural selection. | d. | survival of the
fittest. | | |
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42.
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Which of the following is
not part of a molecule of DNA? a. | deoxyribose | c. | phosphate | b. | base | d. | ribose | | | | |
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43.
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When salt is dissolved in
water, water is the a. | reactant. | c. | solute. | b. | solution. | d. | solvent. | | | | |
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44.
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How many different allele
combinations would be found in the gametes produced by a pea plant whose genotype was
RrYY?
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45.
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An organism that occupies the
same niche as algae, but lives in a temperate forest is a. | a tiger beetle | c. | a broadleaf deciduous tree | b. | a deer | d. | a black bear | | | | |
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46.
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The algae at the beginning of
the food chain in a freshwater ecosystem are a. | consumers. | c. | producers. | b. | decomposers. | d. | heterotrophs. | | | | |
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47.
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What type of electron is
available to form bonds? a. | valence | b. | nucleus | c. | ionic | d. | covalent | | |
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48.
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If an organism’s diploid
number is 12, its haploid number is
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49.
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Sedimentary rock is formed
from a. | the soft parts of organisms. | b. | the hard parts of organisms. | c. | small particles of sand, silt, and clay. | d. | wood, shell, and bone. | | |
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50.
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Photosynthesis is to
chloroplasts as cellular respiration is to a. | chloroplasts. | b. | cytoplasm. | c. | mitochondria. | d. | nucleus. | | |
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51.
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ATTG : TAAC :: a. | AAAT : TTTG | c. | GTCC : CAGG | b. | TCGG :
AGAT | d. | CGAA : TGCG | | | | |
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52.
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A particularly active cell
might contain large numbers of a. | chromosomes. | c. | mitochondria. | b. | vacuoles. | d. | walls. | | | | |
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53.
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When a farmer breeds only his
or her best livestock, the process involved is a. | natural
selection. | c. | artificial variation. | b. | artificial
selection. | d. | survival of the fittest. | | | | |
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54.
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What situation might develop in
a population having some plants whose flowers open at midday and other plants whose flowers open late
in the day? a. | behavioral isolation | c. | temporal
isolation | b. | geographic isolation | d. | genetic drift | | | | |
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Figure 3-1
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55.
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The algae at the beginning of
the food chain in Figure 3-1 are a. | consumers. | b. | decomposers. | c. | producers. | d. | heterotrophs. | | |
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56.
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Which of the following is
not true about DNA replication? a. | It must occur before a cell can
divide. | b. | Two complementary strands are duplicated. | c. | The double strand unwinds while it is being duplicated. | d. | The process is catalyzed by enzymes called DNA mutagens. | | |
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57.
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Identify the reactant(s) in the
chemical reaction, CO2 + H2O →
H2CO3. a. | CO2, H2O, and
H2CO3 | b. | CO2 and
H2O | c. | H2CO3 | d. | CO2 | | |
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58.
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A substance that is composed of
only one type of atom is called a(n) a. | nucleus. | c. | element. | b. | cell. | d. | molecule. | | | | |
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59.
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Several species of warblers can
live in the same spruce tree ONLY because they a. | have different habitats within the
tree. | b. | eat different foods within the tree. | c. | occupy different niches within the tree. | d. | can find different temperatures within the tree. | | |
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60.
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The number of different species
in the biosphere is called a. | biodiversity. | c. | genetic diversity. | b. | ecosystem diversity. | d. | species diversity. | | | | |
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61.
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Chargaff’s rules, or the
base-pairing rules, state that in DNA a. | the amount of adenine equals the amount of
thymine. | b. | the amount of guanine equals the amount of
cytosine. | c. | the amount of guanine equals the amount of
thymine. | d. | Both a and b | | |
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mRNA: CUCAAGUGCUUC
Genetic
Code:
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62.
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Which of the following would
represent the strand of DNA from which the mRNA strand in the diagram was made? a. | CUCAAGUGCUUC | c. | GAGTTCACGAAG | b. | GAGUUCACGAAG | d. | AGACCTGTAGGA | | | | |
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63.
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Refer to the illustration
above. What is the portion of the protein molecule coded for by the piece of mRNA shown in the
diagram? a. | Ser—Tyr—Arg—Gly | c. | Leu—Lys—Cys—Phe | b. | Val—Asp—Pro—His | d. | Pro—Glu—Leu—Val | | | | |
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64.
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Refer to the illustration
above. The anticodons for the codons in the mRNA in the diagram are a. | GAG—UUC—ACG—AAG. | c. | CUC—GAA—CGU—CUU. | b. | GAG—TTC—ACG—AAG. | d. | CUU—CGU—GAA—CUC. | | | | |
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65.
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Nucleic acids
include a. | chlorophyll and retinal. | c. | lipids and
sugars. | b. | DNA and RNA. | d. | glucose and
glycogen. | | | | |
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66.
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The total amount of living
tissue within a given trophic level is called the a. | organic mass. | b. | trophic mass. | c. | energy mass. | d. | biomass. | | |
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67.
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A nucleotide consists
of a. | a sugar, a protein, and adenine. | b. | a sugar, an amino acid, and starch. | c. | a sugar, a phosphate group, and a base. | d. | a starch, a phosphate group, and a base. | | |
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68.
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If a mutation introduces a new
skin color in a lizard population, which factor might determine whether the frequency of the new
allele will increase? a. | how many other alleles are
present | b. | whether the mutation makes some lizards more fit for their environment
than other lizards | c. | how many phenotypes the population
has | d. | whether the mutation was caused by nature or by human
intervention | | |
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69.
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Gametes are produced by the
process of a. | mitosis. | b. | meiosis. | c. | crossing-over. | d. | replication. | | |
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70.
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Water lilies do not grow in
desert sand because water availability to these plants in a desert is a. | a limiting factor. | c. | a competition factor. | b. | the carrying capacity. | d. | parasitism. | | | | |
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71.
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Specialized cells regulate the
expression of genes because they a. | do not want the genes to become worn
out. | b. | cannot control translation. | c. | do not carry the complete genetic code in their nuclei. | d. | do not need the proteins that are specified by certain
genes. | | |
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72.
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During DNA replication, a
complementary strand of DNA is made for each original DNA strand. Thus, if a portion of the original
strand is CCTAGCT, then the new strand will be a. | TTGCATG. | c. | CCTAGCT. | b. | AAGTATC. | d. | GGATCGA. | | | | |
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73.
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If a pea plant that is
heterozygous for round, yellow peas (RrYy) is crossed with a pea plant that is homozygous for
round peas but heterozygous for yellow peas (RRYy), how many different phenotypes are their
offspring expected to show?
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74.
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Each nucleotide triplet in mRNA
that specifies a particular amino acid is called a a. | mutagen. | c. | anticodon. | b. | codon. | d. | exon. | | | | |
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75.
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What proportion of all species
that have ever lived has become extinct? a. | less than 1
percent | c. | more than 99 percent | b. | approximately
one-half | d. | 100 percent | | | | |
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76.
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Which of the following is
not found in DNA? a. | adenine | c. | uracil | b. | cytosine | d. | None of the above | | | | |
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77.
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The dark reactions of
photosynthesis a. | require ATP and NADPH. | b. | can occur in both light and dark conditions. | c. | generate glucose. | d. | All of the above | | |
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78.
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The attachment of nucleotides
to form a complementary strand of DNA a. | is catalyzed (done) by DNA
polymerase. | b. | is accomplished only in the presence of
tRNA. | c. | prevents separation of complementary strands of
RNA. | d. | is the responsibility of the complementary DNA
mutagens. | | |
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79.
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The combined genetic
information of all members of a particular population is the population’s a. | relative frequency. | c. | genotype. | b. | phenotype. | d. | gene pool. | | | | |
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80.
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When individuals with an
average form of a trait have the highest fitness, the result is a. | not predictable. | c. | directional selection. | b. | disruptive selection. | d. | stabilizing selection. | | | | |
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81.
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How would you date a sample of
rock that you suspect as being one of the earliest on Earth? a. | Use a radioactive isotope with a short half-life. | b. | Use a radioactive isotope with a long half-life. | c. | Use an index fossil. | d. | Use a
microfossil. | | |
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82.
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Hox genes determine an
animal’s a. | basic body plan. | b. | size. | c. | skin color. | d. | eye color. | | |
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83.
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In which way are green plants
in a sunny mountain meadow and sulfur bacteria in a deep-sea volcanic vent alike? a. | They both use photosynthesis to make their own food. | b. | They both produce carbohydrates and oxygen. | c. | They both use chemosynthesis to produce their own food. | d. | They both produce carbon and hydrogen. | | |
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84.
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RNA differs from DNA in that
RNA a. | is sometimes single-stranded. | b. | contains a different sugar molecule. | c. | contains the nitrogen base uracil. | d. | All of the above | | |
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85.
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The Calvin cycle takes place in
the a. | stroma. | b. | photosystems. | c. | thylakoid membranes. | d. | chlorophyll
molecules. | | |
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86.
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Water molecules are polar, with
the a. | oxygen side being slightly positive and the hydrogen side being slightly
negative. | b. | oxygen and hydrogen sides being slightly
positive. | c. | oxygen and hydrogen sides being slightly
negative. | d. | oxygen side being slightly negative and the hydrogen side being
slightly positive. | | |
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87.
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What is the term used to
describe the energy needed to get a reaction started? a. | adhesion energy | b. | activation
energy | c. | cohesion energy | d. | chemical energy | | |
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88.
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Which of the following
represents the phases of mitosis in their proper sequence? a. | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase | b. | interphase, prophase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase | c. | interphase, prophase, metaphase, telophase | d. | prophase, telophase, anaphase, metaphase, cytokinesis | | |
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89.
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Which of the following
statements about enzymes is NOT true? a. | Enzymes work best at a specified
pH. | b. | All enzymes work inside cells. | c. | Enzymes are proteins. | d. | Enzymes are organic
catalysts. | | |
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90.
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Transcription is the process by
which genetic information encoded in DNA is transferred to a(n) a. | RNA molecule. | c. | uracil molecule. | b. | DNA molecule. | d. | polymerase. | | | | |
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91.
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An organism that cannot make
its own food is called a(an) a. | consumer | c. | autotroph. | b. | chemotroph. | d. | producer. | | | | |
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92.
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The separation of populations
by barriers such as rivers, mountains, or bodies of water is called a. | temporal isolation. | c. | behavioral isolation. | b. | geographic isolation. | d. | genetic equilibrium. | | | | |
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93.
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A molecule that has a partial
positive charge on one side and a partial negative charge on the other side is called
a a. | nonpolar molecule. | c. | charged molecule. | b. | polar molecule. | d. | bipolar molecule. | | | | |
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94.
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When individuals at only one
end of a bell curve of phenotype frequencies have high fitness, the result is a. | directional selection. | c. | disruptive selection. | b. | stabilizing selection. | d. | genetic drift. | | | | |
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95.
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Which of the following is NOT
recycled in the biosphere? a. | water | b. | nitrogen | c. | carbon | d. | energy | | |
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96.
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In order for protein synthesis
to occur, mRNA must migrate to the a. | ribosomes. | c. | RNA polymerase. | b. | lac operon. | d. | heterochromatin. | | | | |
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97.
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The starting molecule for
glycolysis is a. | ADP. | b. | pyruvic acid. | c. | citric acid. | d. | glucose. | | |
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98.
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The presence of a repressor
molecule prevents the action of what enzyme? a. | DNA
polymerase | c. | RNA polymerase | b. | lactase | d. | permease | | | | |
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99.
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Each of the following is an
abiotic factor in the environment EXCEPT a. | plant
life. | c. | rainfall. | b. | soil type. | d. | temperature. | | | | |
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100.
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Which event occurs during
interphase? a. | The cell grows. | b. | Centrioles appear. | c. | Spindle fibers begin to
form. | d. | Centromeres divide. | | |
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101.
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Green plants
are a. | producers. | b. | consumers. | c. | herbivores. | d. | omnivores. | | |
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102.
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Which of the following is
released during cellular respiration? a. | oxygen | b. | air | c. | energy | d. | lactic acid | | |
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103.
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During his voyage on the
Beagle, Charles Darwin made many observations a. | in England. | c. | on the Galápagos Islands. | b. | in North America. | d. | in Asia. | | | | |
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104.
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Miller and Urey’s
experiments attempted to demonstrate a. | how Earth first
formed. | b. | whether DNA or RNA evolved first. | c. | whether organic molecules could have formed before life was
present. | d. | how the deepest part of Earth formed. | | |
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105.
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Why did oceans not exist on
Earth nearly 4 billion years ago? a. | No water molecules were
present. | b. | Water remained a gas because Earth was very
hot. | c. | Water existed as ice because Earth was very
cold. | d. | There was no oxygen gas in the atmosphere. | | |
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106.
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One of the conditions required
to maintain (Hardy-Weinberg) genetic equilibrium is a. | natural selection. | b. | mutations. | c. | nonrandom mating. | d. | no movement into or out of the
population. | | |
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107.
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Only 10 percent of the energy
stored in an organism can be passed on to the next trophic level. Of the remaining energy, some is
used for the organism’s life processes, and the rest is a. | used in reproduction. | b. | stored as body
tissue. | c. | stored as fat. | d. | eliminated as heat. | | |
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108.
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When glycolysis
occurs, a. | a molecule of glucose is split. | b. | two molecules of pyruvate are made. | c. | some ATP is produced. | d. | All of the above | | |
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109.
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The Mesozoic Era
occurred a. | before Precambrian Time. | c. | after the Paleozoic
Era. | b. | during Precambrian Time. | d. | after the Cenozoic
Era. | | | | |
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110.
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What is the process by
which bacteria convert nitrogen gas in the air
to ammonia? a. | nitrogen fixation | b. | excretion | c. | decomposition | d. | denitrification | | |
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111.
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Genetic drift tends to occur in
populations that a. | are very large. | b. | are small. | c. | are formed from new
species. | d. | have unchanging allele frequencies. | | |
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112.
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Nitrogen fixation is carried
out primarily by a. | humans. | c. | bacteria. | b. | plants. | d. | ammonia. | | | | |
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113.
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The portions of DNA molecules
that actually code for the production of proteins are called a. | mutons. | c. | introns. | b. | exons. | d. | exposons. | | | | |
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114.
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Where do the light-dependent
reactions take place? a. | in the stroma | b. | outside the chloroplasts | c. | in the thylakoid
membranes | d. | only in chlorophyll molecules | | |
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115.
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When muscles are exercised
extensively in the absence of sufficient oxygen, a. | a large amount of ATP is
formed. | c. | lactic acid is produced. | b. | NADH molecules
split. | d. | glycolysis ceases. | | | | |
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116.
|
Which of these processes takes
place in the cytoplasm of a cell? a. | glycolysis | b. | electron transport | c. | Krebs cycle | d. | all of the above | | |
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117.
|
Temperatures on Earth remain
within a suitable range for life as we know it because of the a. | unequal heating of Earth’s surface. | b. | loss of heat to space. | c. | radiation of sunlight back into the
atmosphere. | d. | greenhouse effect. | | |
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118.
|
What is produced during
transcription? a. | RNA molecules | b. | DNA molecules | c. | RNA polymerase | d. | proteins | | |
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119.
|
A repressor
protein a. | prevents DNA synthesis. | b. | blocks movement of RNA polymerase. | c. | attaches to ribosomes during translation. | d. | destroys amino acids before protein synthesis occurs. | | |
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120.
|
Each of the following is a type
of RNA except a. | carrier
RNA. | c. | ribosomal RNA. | b. | messenger
RNA. | d. | transfer RNA. | | | | |
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121.
|
Only eukaryotic cells
have a. | DNA. | c. | ribosomes. | b. | membrane-bound
organelles. | d. | cytoplasm. | | | | |
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122.
|
During which phase of mitosis
do the chromosomes line up along the middle of the dividing cell? a. | prophase | b. | telophase | c. | metaphase | d. | anaphase | | |
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123.
|
The length of time required for
half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay is its a. | half-life. | c. | radioactive date. | b. | relative
date. | d. | period. | | | | |
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124.
|
Diffusion takes
place a. | only through a lipid bilayer membrane. | b. | from an area of low concentration to an area of high
concentration. | c. | only in liquids. | d. | from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration. | | |
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125.
|
Which of the following terms
describes a substance formed by the combination of two or more elements in definite
proportions? a. | compound | b. | isotope | c. | nucleus | d. | enzyme | | |
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126.
|
What are the products of the
Calvin cycle? a. | oxygen gas | b. | ATP | c. | high-energy sugars | d. | light | | |
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127.
|
In a population of finches in
which one group of birds has a short, parrotlike beak and another group has a long, narrow beak, what
process has probably occurred? a. | directional
selection | c. | stabilizing selection | b. | disruptive
selection | d. | genetic drift | | | | |
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128.
|
Which of the following
descriptions about the organization of an ecosystem is correct? a. | Communities make up species, which make up populations. | b. | Populations make up species, which make up communities. | c. | Species make up communities, which make up populations. | d. | Species make up populations, which make up communities. | | |
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129.
|
A man and a woman who are both
heterozygous for normal skin pigmentation (Aa) produce an albino offspring (aa). Which
of Mendel’s principles explain(s) why the offspring is albino? a. | dominance only | b. | independent assortment
only | c. | dominance and segregation | d. | segregation only | | |
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130.
|
Cells grown in a petri dish
tend to divide until they form a thin layer covering the bottom of the dish. If cells are removed
from the middle of the dish, the cells bordering the open space will begin dividing until they have
filled the empty space. What does this experiment show? a. | When cells come into contact with other cells, they stop
growing. | b. | The controls on cell growth and division can be turned on and
off. | c. | Cell division can be regulated by factors outside the
cell. | d. | all of the above | | |
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|
131.
|
Glycolysis provides a cell with
a net gain of a. | 2 ATP molecules. | b. | 4 ATP molecules. | c. | 18 ATP
molecules. | d. | 36 ATP molecules. | | |
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|
132.
|
Cancer is a disorder in which
some cells have lost the ability to control their a. | size. | b. | spindle fibers. | c. | growth rate. | d. | surface area. | | |
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|
|
Assume that each of the atoms
below requires eight electrons to fill its outer energy level.
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|
133.
|
Refer to the illustration
above. Which of the atoms is chemically stable? a. | Atom
“A” | c. | Atom “C” | b. | Atom
“B” | d. | None of the above | | | | |
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|
134.
|
Refer to the illustration
above. If Atom “C” interacted with Atom “B” to form an ionic bond, Atom
“C” would a. | lose 6
electrons. | c. | gain 5 electrons. | b. | gain 2
electrons. | d. | move 4 electrons into the nucleus. | | | | |
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|
135.
|
One difference between cell
division in plant cells and in animal cells is that plant cells have a. | spindle fibers. | b. | centromeres. | c. | a cell plate. | d. | chromatin. | | |
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|
136.
|
Which of the following is a
carbohydrate? a. | DNA | c. | wax | b. | insulin | d. | sucrose | | | | |
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|
137.
|
The base-pairing rules state
that the following are base pairs in DNA: a. | adenine—thymine;
uracil—cytosine. | b. | adenine—thymine;
guanine—cytosine. | c. | adenine—guanine;
thymine—cytosine. | d. | uracil—thymine;
guanine—cytosine. | | |
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|
138.
|
What is the term for each step
in the transfer of energy and matter within a biological community? a. | energy path | c. | trophic level | b. | food web | d. | food pyramid | | | | |
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|
139.
|
Products of the light reactions
of photosynthesis that are required by the dark reactions are a. | oxygen and ATP. | c. | ATP and NADPH. | b. | water and oxygen. | d. | oxygen and NADPH. | | | | |
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|
140.
|
Which of the following is NOT a
way in which natural selection affects the distribution of phenotypes? a. | directional selection | c. | disruptive selection | b. | stabilizing selection | d. | chance events | | | | |
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|
141.
|
The symbiotic relationship
between a flower and the insect that feeds on its nectar is an example of a. | mutualism because the flower provides the insect with food, and the insect pollinates
the flower. | b. | parasitism because the insect lives off the nectar from the
flower. | c. | commensalism because the insect doesn’t harm the flower and the
flower doesn’t benefit from the relationship. | d. | predation because the insect feeds on the flower. | | |
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|
142.
|
If a nutrient is in such short
supply in an ecosystem that it affects an animal’s growth, the a. | animal becomes a decomposer. | b. | substance is a limiting nutrient. | c. | nutrient leaves the food chain. | d. | ecosystem will not survive. | | |
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|
143.
|
A substance that accelerates
the rate of a chemical reaction is called a(an) a. | catalyst. | b. | lipid. | c. | molecule. | d. | element. | | |
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|
144.
|
Enzymes affect the reactions in
living cells by changing the a. | products of the
reaction. | b. | speed of the reaction. | c. | temperature of the reaction. | d. | pH of the reaction. | | |
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|
145.
|
The two main sources of genetic
variation are a. | genotypes and phenotypes. | b. | gene shuffling and mutations. | c. | single-gene traits and polygenic traits. | d. | directional selection and disruptive selection. | | |
|
|
|
146.
|
A map of eastern North America,
showing the pH of rainfall in the various states, indicates that the pH of rain in New York State
varies from 4.22 to 4.40. According to these figures, the most acidic rainfall in New York State has
a pH of a. | 4.22. | b. | 4.30. | c. | 4.35. | d. | 4.40. | | |
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|
147.
|
The repeated movement of water
between Earth’s surface and the atmosphere is called a. | the water cycle. | b. | the condensation
cycle. | c. | precipitation. | d. | evaporation. | | |
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|
|
148.
|
Most fossils form
in a. | rusty water. | c. | sedimentary rock. | b. | volcanic rock. | d. | the sap of ancient trees. | | | | |
|
|
|
149.
|
The species of finches that
Charles Darwin found on the Galápagos Islands displayed different structural adaptations. One
of the adaptations that Darwin noted was the a. | similarities of the birds’
embryos. | b. | birds’ different-shaped beaks. | c. | length of the birds’ necks. | d. | number of eggs in each bird’s nest. | | |
|
|
|
150.
|
A mutation that involves a
single nucleotide is called a(an) a. | chromosomal
mutation. | b. | inversion. | c. | point mutation. | d. | translocation. | | |
|
|
|
151.
|
The endosymbiont theory
proposes that eukaryotic cells arose from a. | individual prokaryotic
cells. | b. | multicellular prokaryotes. | c. | communities formed by prokaryotes. | d. | communities formed by eukaryotes. | | |
|
|
|
152.
|
On the Galápagos Islands,
Charles Darwin observed a. | completely unrelated species on each of
the islands. | b. | species exactly like those found in South
America. | c. | somewhat similar species, with traits that suited their particular
environments. | d. | species completely unrelated to those found in South
America. | | |
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|
|
153.
|
What type of electrons is
available to form bonds? a. | valence | c. | ionic | b. | nucleus | d. | covalent | | | | |
|
|
|
154.
|
The part of the molecule for
which deoxyribonucleic acid is named is the a. | phosphate group. | b. | sugar. | c. | nitrogen base. | d. | None of the above; DNA is not named after part of the
molecule. | | |
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|
|
155.
|
Which statement is in agreement
with Darwin’s theory of evolution? a. | More offspring are produced than can
possibly survive. | b. | The organisms that are the fittest are
always largest and strongest. | c. | The number of offspring is not related to
fitness. | d. | Acquired characteristics that are inherited are the cause of
evolution. | | |
|
|
|
156.
|
Nitrogen fixation is carried
out primarily by a. | humans. | b. | plants. | c. | bacteria. | d. | consumers. | | |
|
|
|
157.
|
The name of the process that
takes place when organic compounds are broken down in the absence of oxygen is a. | respiration. | c. | fermentation. | b. | oxidation. | d. | All of the above | | | | |
|
|
|
158.
|
A covalent bond is formed as
the result of a. | transferring electrons. | c. | transferring
protons. | b. | sharing an electron pair. | d. | sharing a proton
pair. | | | | |
|
|
|
159.
|
To compare the relative ages of
fossils, scientists sometimes use an easily recognized species called a(an) a. | carbon fossil. | c. | index fossil. | b. | radioactive fossil. | d. | sedimentary fossil. | | | | |
|
|
|
160.
|
A pattern in which species
experience long, stable periods interrupted by brief periods of rapid evolutionary change is
called a. | convergent evolution. | c. | adaptive
radiation. | b. | coevolution. | d. | punctuated
equilibrium. | | | | |
|
|
|
161.
|
Suspended in the fluid stroma
of chloroplasts are a. | organelles called
eukaryotes. | b. | numerous mitochondrial membranes. | c. | stacks of thylakoids. | d. | all of the
above. | | |
|
|
|
162.
|
When lions prey on a herd of
antelopes, some antelopes are killed and some escape. Which part of Darwin’s concept of natural
selection might be used to describe this situation? a. | acquired characteristics | b. | reproductive
isolation | c. | survival of the fittest | d. | descent with modification | | |
|
|
|
163.
|
Which means of particle
transport requires input of energy from the cell? a. | diffusion | b. | osmosis | c. | facilitated
diffusion | d. | active transport | | |
|
|
|
164.
|
The earliest hominid that
belonged to the same genus as modern humans was probably a. | Homo habilis. | c. | Homo afarensis. | b. | Homo neanderthalensis. | d. | Homo
ergaster. | | | | |
|
|
|
165.
|
Early in Earth’s history,
while the planet was in a melted state, the most dense elements formed Earth’s a. | core. | c. | crust. | b. | seas. | d. | atmosphere. | | | | |
|
|
|
166.
|
One important organelle that
helps maintain homeostasis by moving supplies from one part of the cell to the other is
the a. | endoplasmic reticulum. | c. | Golgi apparatus. | b. | mitochondria. | d. | cytoplasm. | | | | |
|
|
|
Figure 11-3
|
|
|
167.
|
What is shown in Figure
11-3? a. | independent assortment | b. | anaphase I of
meiosis | c. | crossing-over | d. | replication | | |
|
|
|
168.
|
Organisms that break down and
feed on wastes and dead organisms are called a. | decomposers. | c. | autotrophs. | b. | omnivores. | d. | producers. | | | | |
|
|
|
169.
|
Which of the following is NOT
recycled in the biosphere? a. | water | c. | carbon | b. | nitrogen | d. | energy | | | | |
|
|
|
170.
|
All the interconnected feeding
relationships in an ecosystem make up a food a. | interaction. | b. | chain. | c. | network. | d. | web. | | |
|
|
|
171.
|
The cell membrane contains
channels and pumps that help move materials from one side to the other. What are these channels and
pumps made of? a. | carbohydrates | b. | lipids | c. | bilipids | d. | proteins | | |
|
|
|
172.
|
Purines and pyrimidines
are a. | bases found in amino acids. | b. | able to replace phosphate groups from
defective DNA. | c. | names of specific types of DNA molecules. | d. | bases found in nucleotides. | | |
|
|
|
173.
|
Earth’s most recent era
is the a. | Paleozoic. | c. | Cenozoic. | b. | Mesozoic. | d. | Precambrian. | | | | |
|
|
|
174.
|
Gametes have a. | homologous chromosomes. | b. | twice the number of chromosomes found in
body cells. | c. | two sets of chromosomes. | d. | one allele for each gene. | | |
|
|
|
175.
|
The starting molecule for the
Krebs cycle is a. | glucose. | b. | NADH. | c. | pyruvic acid. | d. | coenzyme A. | | |
|
|
|
176.
|
photosynthesis : light
:: a. | light bulb : glass | c. | automobile : gasoline | b. | trunk : clothing | d. | country : nation | | | | |
|
|
|
177.
|
Bipedal locomotion consists
of a. | swinging from branch to branch. | b. | using the tail to grasp branches during walking. | c. | moving the big toe against the other digits. | d. | walking on two feet. | | |
|
|
|
178.
|
A snake that eats a frog that
has eaten an insect that fed on a plant is a a. | first-level
producer. | b. | first-level consumer. | c. | second-level producer. | d. | third-level
consumer. | | |
|
Short
Answer
|
|
|
179.
|
Define homologous
chromosomes.
|
Essay
|
|
|
180.
|
Compare protons, electrons, and
neutrons with respect to location within atoms, electric charge, and mass.
|
|
|
181.
|
You wish to determine whether a
tall pea plant is homozygous or heterozygous for tallness. What cross should you perform to arrive at
your answer? Explain your choice of cross.
|
|
|
182.
|
Compare and contrast adhesion
and cohesion, using capillary action as an example.
|
|
|
183.
|
How does a food web differ from
a food chain?
|
Other
|
|
|
USING SCIENCE
SKILLS
Figure 16-2
|
|
|
184.
|
According to Figure 16-2, there
is a brief period during which frog mating nearly stops. When does this occur?
|
|
|
185.
|
Peeper frogs and leopard frogs
do not interbreed even when they share a habitat. Use the information in Figure 16-2 to determine
what mechanism probably keeps the two species reproductively isolated.
|
|
|
186.
|
Based on Figure 16-2, what
mechanism appears to keep bullfrogs reproductively isolated? Would that mechanism necessarily be the
only isolating mechanism? Explain.
|
|
|
USING SCIENCE
SKILLS
A
student prepared two beakers with identical sprigs of a water plant as shown below. She placed one
beaker in the shade and the other beaker beside a fluorescent lamp. She then systematically changed
the distance of the beaker from the lamp. She counted the bubbles given off by each sprig of the
water plant. Shown here is the graph of the data for the beaker she placed in the
light.
Figure 8-4
|
|
|
187.
|
What was the student's
manipulated variable?
|
|
|
188.
|
List 3 controlled variables in
this experiment.
|
|
|
189.
|
What was the student's
responding variable?
|
|
|
190.
|
Predicting If the lamp
were placed closer than 5 centimeters from the water plant, would the plant give off many more
bubbles? Why or why not?
|
|
|
191.
|
Which beaker is the student's
experimental control?
|
|
|
192.
|
Look at the graph in Figure
8-4. What conclusion can the student draw from this data?
|
|
|
USING SCIENCE
SKILLS
Figure 2-3
|
|
|
193.
|
Applying Concepts
According to Figure 2-3, which enzyme would you expect to find in a bacterium growing in a hot
spring?
|
|
|
194.
|
Using Tables and Graphs
According to Figure 2-3, at what temperature do the two enzymes have the same amount of
activity?
|
|
|
195.
|
Using Tables and Graphs
According to Figure 2-3, which enzyme has an optimum temperature of 40°C?
|
|
|
196.
|
What would happen to an animal
cell with an internal salt concentration of 0.8% if it were placed in a salt solution of each of the
following concentrations?
a. 0.02%
b. 0.8%
c. 20.0%
|
|
|
USING SCIENCE
SKILLS
Figure 3-5
|
|
|
197.
|
Predicting How might a
large omnivore change the flow of energy in Figure 3-5, Diagram II?
|
|
|
198.
|
Inferring If a limiting
nutrient is supplied to the producer in Figure 3-5, Diagram II, what effect could it have on the
birds?
|
|
|
199.
|
Applying Concepts
Describe how chemosynthesis could contribute to the energy represented by Figure 3-5, Diagram
I.
|
|
|
USING SCIENCE
SKILLS
Figure 3-4
|
|
|
200.
|
Comparing and Contrasting
In Figure 3-4, compare the amount of energy available to the wolf if it eats a rabbit with the
amount of energy available to the wolf if it eats a shrew.
|